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“Eskimeyen Yazılar” bölümümüzde Makedonya’da 15 yıldır Türkçe yayın yapan Köprü Dergisi’nde kültür, sanat, edebiyat ve ilmi alanda yayınlanmış; değerini kaybetmeyen yazıları gün yüzüne çıkarıyoruz. Bu hafta, Doç. Dr. Hayati Yavuzer’in Rumeli şehirlerinin “İstanbulllaştırılmasını” anlattığı “Rumeli ve İstanbul” başlıklı yazıyı ilgilerinize sunuyoruz.
Yazar: Hayati Yavuzer
Yahya Kemal, Balkan şehirlerinde geçen çocukluk günlerinin her anında alev gibi yakıcı bir hasret duyduğunu söyler:
Balkan şehirlerinde geçerken çocukluğum
Her lahza bir alev gibi hasretti duyduğum.
Şairin ifade ettiği hasret, daha çok mazinin ihtişamlı günlerine duyulan bir özlem değil, aynı zamanda imparatorluğun sembolü olan İstanbul’a bir özlem, bir yöneliş, bir özenmedir. Bu hasreti, sonraki yıllarda İstanbul’da dindirecektir.
Balkan Türklüğü, İmparatorluğun en halis evlatları olmakla birlikte içinde sürekli bir gurbet hissi taşıdı, bir İstanbul özlemi büyüttü. Ve bu özlemle yaşadığı coğrafyayı, özellikle Üsküp, Manastır, Ohri, Prizren, Saraybosna, Mostar, Tiran, Kruya, Elbasan, Selanik ve Sofya vb. gibi bazı şehir merkezlerini İstanbullaştırdı. Bu özlemi yalnız Türkler değil, kardeş Müslüman kavimler de içlerinde derinden derine hissettiler. Hatta Müslüman olmayanlar da… Hepisinin içinde İstanbul vardı.
Dağlık bir coğrafyada Osmanlı’ya yürekten başlı Arnavut Beyleri, has Osmanlı Boşnak Paşaları konaklarını İstanbul saray ve konaklarına benzeterek yaşadılar. Paşalar ve Beyler, Hünkar duruşlu olmayı seviyorlardı. Bir ellerinde tuttukları adalet terazisinin, diğer ellerindeki kılıcın hakimi ve amiri olduğunun idraki içindeydiler. Attıkları adım Tiran’da, Kruya’da, Saraybosna’da da olsa İstanbul ahengindeydi.
Selamlıkta içilen kahvelerin tadında, nargile ve tütünlerin dumanında İstanbul esintileri vardı. Hanedana mensup sultanlar Rumeli’ye gelin geliyor. İstanbul Rumeli’ye taşınıyor, beyzadeler, paşazadeler doğup büyüyordu. Her biri şehzade duruşluydu. Konaklarda saray terbiyesi vardı; yani İstanbul terbiyesi. Rumeli konaklarında saray terbiyesi veriliyordu. Musiki icra eden kadın hanendeler vardı. Güneş görmemiş narin konak kadınlarının parmakları ud ve tanbur perdelerinde asaletli yürüyüşler yapıyordu. Topkapı’da yüksek sesle konuşmak nasıl adaba uygun görülmüyorsa Rumeli konaklarında da öyleydi.
Sefere giden Bey ve Paşaları, dışa kapalı zengin konakların haremlerinde, önünde oynayan köçeklerle avunmaya çalışan, minyatürlerden süzülüp hayata girmiş genç ve güzel hanımları, iç yakan özlemlerle bekliyorlardı. Dillerinde türküler vardı, avamın pek bilmediği, saray çeşnisi taşıyan Rumeli konak türküleri… İstanbul esintileriyle dopdolu…
Bu konakların eli gergefli kadınları kapalı bulundukları hare kısmında adsız halk ressamlarının yaptığı hayali İstanbul manzaralarına bakarak düşlerini süslediler.
Bu coğrafyada bayramlar, düğünler, sünnet merasimleri, ramazan ibadet ve eğlenceleri hep İstanbul çeşnisindeydi. Müslim gayrimüslim, bütün damat giyimlerinde çizgi çizgi İstanbul vardı. Damat traşlarında İstanbul’dan getirilmiş gülyağı sürünmek bir ayrıcalıktı. Gelinlikler renk renk, nakış nakış İstanbul’du. Bir geline kocasının İstanbul altını hediye etmiş olması Türkülere yansıyacak kadar yüksek bir paye idi. Paytonlar birer selamlık arabası edasıyla sokaklarda dolaşıyordu.
İkram edilen her lokum İstanbul’dan bir çeşni taşıyordu. Şerbetler İstanbul kokuyordu. Her gül, bir gül-i rana olan İstanbul’a doğru açıyor, kokusunu Topkapı’dan, Dolmabahçe’den alıyordu. Laleler İstanbul duruşluydu.
İstanbul’da “Sora sora Bağdat bulunur” denmesine karşılık Tirandakiler “Sora sora İstanbul bulunur” diyorlar, her yaştan insan, içinde bir başka İstanbul yaşatıyordu.
Esnaf, her sabah dükkanının kepenklerini besmeleyle İstanbul’a karşı açıyordu. Çarşı esnafı, ahı töresince iş yapıyor, esnafın el yapımı olan herşeyi, aynı zamanda onun şerefi sayılıyordu. Lonca sandıklarında biriken paradan yoksullara, düşkünlere yardımda bulunuyorlardı.
Ve esnaf da evinde sultanca yaşıyordu. Yoksul Anadoludaki mütevazi evlerin aksine burada her ev bir konak, bir saray edasındaydı. Her konağın kapı ve penceresi İstanbul edasıyla açılırdı, besmelelerle. Zeval’e mani olsun, ebed-müddet yaşasın diye edilen duaların bir kısmı İstanbul’a, Hünkar’a gönderildi.
Avlulu evlerdeki kapıcıklar, yalnız evleri değil, yürekleri de birbirine bağlar, kan bağından daha kuvvetli bir akrabalık, komşuluk bağı oluşturuldu. Avlular da İstanbul doluydu.
Müslüman, Hristiyan, Musevi bir bir arada İstanbul’daki gibi yaşıyorlar, yoksul olanlar düğün yapmak, evlenmek için para kazanmak amacıyla İstanbul’a gidiyorlar, özlemlerindeki şehri gurbet ediniyorlardı. Bu sefer şarkılarında, türkülerinde hem İstanbul hem Rumeli, hüzünlü nağme ve sözlerle feryat ediyor; feryatlar Türkçe, Arnavutça, Boşnakça, Makedonca dile getiriliyordu. Rumeli’ye geri dödükleri andan itibaren, İstanbul tekrar bir mıknatıs gibi herşeyi ile onları çekiyor, yüreklere yerleşen yakıcı bir özlem içlerini kavuruyordu.
Rumeli’de sabahlar hala İstanbul esintileri taşır. Bu özlem hiç bitmedi. Bitecek gibi de görünmüyor.
Köprü Dergisi: Yıl 2 Sayı 6
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