Kuzey Makedonya’da Türkler’in Statüsü

Makedonya, 8 Eylül 1991’de yapılan halk oylamasının ardından bağımsızlığını ilân etti ve bunun sonucunda 20 Kasım 1991’de yeni Makedonya Cumhuriyeti anayasası yürürlüğe girdi. Halk oylamasına Türkler etkin olarak katıldı ve bağımsızlık için “evet” oyu verdi. Ancak Kasım 1991’de yürürlüğe giren anayasanın giriş paragrafında yer alan “Makedonya Cumhuriyeti Makedonların ulusal devleti olarak kurulmuştur” şeklindeki “ulus” ibaresi ile Makedonlar dışındaki diğer milletler “ulusal azınlıklar-topluluklar” olarak tanımlanmıştır.

Oysa 1974 Anayasası’nda Türkler ve diğer milletler “devletin kurucu unsurları” arasında anılmakta iken 1991 Makedonya Anayasası, Türkleri ve öteki etnik grupları “milliyet” olarak tanımlamıştır. Milliyet ibaresi, çok uluslu bir devletin içinde var olan bir ulusal topluluk anlamını taşımaktadır. Buna göre uluslararası hukuk terminolojisinde, Makedonyalı Türkler “topluluk” statüsünde değerlendirilmiştir.

Evrensel nitelikli çok taraflı uluslararası hukuk belgelerinde azınlık kavramının genel geçerliliği olan herhangi bir tanımı yapıl(a)mamıştır. Pozitif hukukta azınlık tanımı konusunda uzlaşılamamış olması, teknik zorluklardan daha çok, devletlerin hukukî bir tanımla kendilerini bağlamaktan çekinmeleri sebebinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Tanım konusunda çeşitli çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Ancak bugüne kadar en dikkate değer görülen tanımlardan biri BM Ayrımcılığın Önlenmesi ve Azınlıkların Korunması Alt Komisyonu Raportörü CapotortI’nin BM Medenî ve Siyasî Haklara İlişkin Uluslararası Sözleşmenin 27. maddesi çerçevesinde hazırladığı raporda teklif ettiği tanımdır.

CapotortI’ye göre “azınlık”:

            “sayıca bir devletin nüfusunun geri kalanından az olan, hâkim olmayan durumda bulunan, bu devletin vatandaşı olan üyeleri, nüfusun geri kalanından farklı etnik, dinsel ya da dilsel özelliklere sahip, üstü örtülü de olsa kültürlerini, geleneklerini, dinlerini ya da dillerini korumaya yönelik bir dayanışma duygusu gösteren bir gruptur.

Uluslararası nitelik taşıyan bu tanım Makedonya’da kısmen ve farklı tasniflere bürünerek, 13 Ağustos 2001 tarihinde Makedonya’daki etnik çatışmaları önlemek amacı ile Makedonya Parlamentosu’nda temsil edilen (2 Makedon, 2 Arnavut) en büyük dört parti lideri ve Makedonya Cumhurbaşkanı tarafından Ohri Çerçeve Andlaşması imzalanarak, farklı bir pozitif azınlık – hukuk belgesi niteliğini kazanmıştır. Söz konusu andlaşmada, “Eğitim ve Dillerin Kullanımı” başlıklı bölüme göre, sekiz yıllık temel ve orta (lise) öğretiminde dersler öğrencilerin ana dilinde yapılacaktır (mad. 6.1). Özel andlaşmalara dayanarak, Makedonya nüfusunun en az yüzde yirmisinin konuştuğu dillerde görülecek yüksek öğretim, devlet tarafından finanse edilmesi temin edilecektir (mad. 6.2).

Bu düzenleme pozitif ayrımcılığın pekişmesi yanı sıra, sayısal olarak az olanların kültürel varlık olarak geleceklerini asimilasyon – var olma sarmalında devam etmelerini tetiklemiştir.

Son olarak, Makedonya ve Yunanistan arasında 27 yıldır süren “isim krizi”  sonlandırabilmek için anayasal ismini değiştirmeyi kabul ederek,  söz konusu “Prespa Anlaşması” ile  Uluslararası Hukuk engelini ve Batı ile entegrasyon sürecinin ivme kazanmasını hedeflemektedir.

Yunanistan ile isim sorununun hukuki zeminde “Prespa Anlaşması” ile bertaraf etmek amaç edinilmiştir. Söz konusu anlaşmaya göre Makedonya anayasasında bazı değişikliklerin gerçekleşmesi sözkonusudur.

Gerçekleşecek olan anayasa değişikliğinde, özellikle Makedonya’da yaşayan Türklerin “kurucu unsur olarak” Kuzey Makedonya anayasasının giriş (преамбула) kısmında yer alması, AB üyelik sürecinde AB’nin Bölgesel ya da Azınlık Dilleri Avrupa Şartı’nda mevcut hukuki boşlukların lehte yada alehte yorumlanması  söz konusu olmayacaktır.

Kurucu unsur statüsü 1974 anayasasındaki gerekçe ve teammüller dikkate alınarak uygulanma imkanına sahiptir. Anayasa’da bu düzenlemenin gerçekleşmesiyle birlikte “etnik-topluluk” kavramının aslında ideolojik saplantının bir tezahürü olarak tarih kitaplarında yerini alacaktır.

 

 

Prof. Dr. Abdülmecit Nuredin Uluslararası Vizyon Üniversitesi, Hukuk Fakültesi, Öğretim Üyesi

 

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    an important high quality for athletes, troopers, and different physically active people.

    Anvarol is a safe and legal different to Anavar, which is an unlawful anabolic steroid.
    Anvarol may be purchased on-line and not using a prescription and is authorized to make
    use of for bodybuilding purposes. Combining 450mg of soy and whey protein supplementation results in greater
    lean muscle gain. Anavar may cause masculinization in girls; however, we don’t typically observe this in therapeutic doses.

    However, excessive dosages or combining Anavar with other anabolic
    steroids such as Winstrol increases the chance of masculinization.
    It is a prescription drug with a well-documented history
    of success, however it’s not without its drawbacks.
    In brief, authorized and genuine Anavar, together with their alternate options, share a objective of advancing an individual’s peak performance
    via muscle progress and fats loss. Whereas they exhibit comparable characteristics and goal
    to provide comparable outcomes, the choice to make use of one product over the opposite usually boils down to personal objectives, values, and risk tolerance.
    Lastly, the driving drive for each Anavar and its alternatives has at all
    times revolved around reaching a competitive edge in physical efficiency.
    Individuals who use either option are excited about optimizing their ends in the fitness center, enabling
    them to build energy, endurance, and lean muscle mass.

    Subsequently, whether one opts for authorized Anavar or chooses authentic Anavar, the widespread denominator is an aspiration for enhanced physical prowess.

    Utilizing Anavar throughout any sports activity is illegal and can pose legal problems like
    fines or imprisonment. We will also share Anavar’s customer experiences and dealing mechanisms
    that can help you study its credibility as a weight gainer and efficiency enhancer.
    Furthermore, you might also add a complement to relax your central nervous system and
    top-of-the-line options is supplements that have Valerian root because the intrinsic ingredient.
    Such a supplement is kind of efficient in delicate insomnia and may reduce the time
    that it takes to go to sleep.
    Nonetheless, we all know of bodybuilders which
    have retained nearly all of their results on Anavar once they proceed
    common weight coaching. Such profitable muscle
    retention could also be attributed to Anavar not aggressively shutting down endogenous testosterone production. However, if a consumer stacks Anavar
    with different anabolic steroids, this suppressing impact will be exacerbated.
    Alternatively, if a user doesn’t want to attend several months,
    they will incorporate post-cycle remedy to reduce back
    this restoration time interval. Finasteride (Propecia) is an FDA-approved treatment shown to be effective at blocking DHT ranges within the body and decreasing hair loss (19).

    Anavar is an oral steroid that has been round for a really lengthy time and was
    one of the first steroids to be made. That Is not all, on this publish, I may even be discussing the potential side effects of
    Anavar. You should also perceive the method to construct an effective Anavar cycle in order to
    expertise its full benefits. Like any complement, results from Anavar vary
    relying on the person. After two weeks of consistent use, you can expect to see some early signs of progress, significantly if you’ve maintained a great
    diet, exercise routine, and lively way of life.

    As A End Result Of of the possible risk to the infant, breastfeeding is not really helpful
    whereas utilizing this drug.
    As talked about above, Anavar is a steroid that has a short half-life of 9-10 hours
    and you should eat two doses a day to guarantee that your body has enough
    Anavar to provide outcomes. I should additionally mention right here that in order to restore low androgen levels, women are
    typically prescribed DHEA. And thus, a preferred PCT might be
    DHEA mg per day for a interval of four weeks.

    One of the principle reasons Anavar is so efficient at
    burning fats is that it helps to increase your metabolism.

    The above points and facts are all 100 percent correct and backed by the newest private experience of users on message boards and clinical data
    and medical studies. There ought to be no query on if
    the above statements are true or not. With Anavar being a vastly well-liked androgen, stories and
    untruths are certain to come back out about its use.

    Finding legal Oxandrolone (Anavar) alternatives in physical shops might feel like a frightening task, nonetheless,
    it’s doable with cautious research and attentiveness. A crucial step in this course of
    is identifying reputable shops in your native area or in cities nearby.
    You can easily begin your search online, on the lookout for stores with good buyer
    evaluations and shopping through their product
    catalogues. Always keep in mind to look for consistent constructive evaluations since they point out reliability.
    By following the following tips, you’ll find a way to improve your possibilities of
    shopping for Anavar safely and acquiring a genuine, high-quality product.

    We know it to be the highest-priced pharmaceutical steroid,
    together with Primobolan. We personally do
    not advocate the use of Anavar or any sort of steroids – clearly, they’re illegal and banned by nearly every major
    athletic group on the earth. But when you completely
    want to make use of Anavar, then you need to be aware of the potential risks.

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  • Supraphysiological dosages of testosterone, at least up to 600 mg testosterone enanthate, didn’t affect
    serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in each wholesome young (15, 22) and older men (37).
    Prostate quantity, as assessed by magnetic resonance
    imaging (MRI), remained unchanged in response to graded dosages as a lot as 600 mg testosterone enanthate weekly for 20 weeks in healthy males (22).
    The HAARLEM examine did discover a small but significant enhance in PSA levels at the end of an AAS cycle in contrast with baseline (from 0.seventy one μg/L to 0.ninety three μg/L)
    (39). Two percent of the subjects exceeded the higher limit of the reference vary (2.zero μg/L).
    These outcomes are seemingly at odds with the literature that exhibits unchanged PSA ranges in response to supraphysiological dosages of testosterone enanthate.
    Moreover, some research suggests that exercise would possibly result in a minor increase in PSA ranges (89), although resistance train particularly has not been researched.

    While they can improve performance, the potential for severe
    and often irreversible unwanted effects outweighs the advantages for most non-medical customers.
    Nonetheless, when testosterone ranges are artificially elevated beyond regular ranges,
    the risks improve considerably. In the conventional
    way of things, two things can happen when athletes such as wrestlers, runners, or
    swimmers stress their bodies by way of coaching at high
    ranges of intensity over extended periods.
    For this cause, female steroid use is a subject where not plenty of data exists and one that’s not typically mentioned within bodybuilding
    communities. If you’re one of many many individuals who want to know what sort of cycle
    to run whenever you want to hold your steroid use on the down low and maintain your results more refined.
    You won’t be as involved about using ancillary compounds throughout
    these short cycles, but if you want to go ahead with some,
    you’ll take a look at the same compounds talked about for the opposite
    longer cycles. Masteron Propionate works well with testosterone, and
    whereas it can bring about some muscle tightness, at reasonable doses of no
    more than 75mg day by day, you’ll see a nice increase to muscle hardness and energy.
    In my opinion, it’s best to make use of Anavar in milder cycles the place you presumably can minimize suppression while sustaining your features.

    Many males who use anabolic steroids report decreased libido or erectile function. This sexual dysfunction may be as a
    outcome of lack of estrogen impact on the mind. In regular males, testosterone is aromatized to estradiol,
    and estradiol results on the mind are important for normal libido and overall sexual operate.
    Most information on the long-term results of anabolic steroids in humans come from case reports quite than formal epidemiological studies.

    According to the newest analysis available concerning
    anabolic steroids, there are several bodily results of steroid misuse.
    A 2021 research noted that high-dose use of
    anabolic steroids is linked to mind and cognitive abnormalities and that long-term high-dose use can negatively have an effect on mind getting older.
    In Addition To the health dangers, people who use steroids
    and not using a prescription are breaking the legislation.
    This means you’ll use fast-acting compounds – both orals or short-ester
    injectables. PCT is used to hurry up the restoration of your pure testosterone production after it’s been suppressed and even entirely shut down when you use anabolic steroids.
    Without PCT, you’ll endure from low testosterone symptoms, which may
    be life-ruining, to say the least. Testosterone esters have
    increasingly been used in replacement therapy, but abuse of
    these compounds has risen as well. A characteristic that every one testosterone
    esters have in widespread is a testosterone molecule with a carboxylic acid group
    (ester linkage) connected to the 17-beta hydroxyl group.
    These medication mimic the intercourse hormone testosterone and are
    well-known for being misused by some athletes to achieve an edge over their opponents.
    These can include heart and blood vessels complications, liver disease, reproductive organ damage and extreme mood swings.
    They’re man-made versions of testosterone, a male intercourse hormone that helps build
    greater muscles. A physician can legally prescribe them
    if your physique does not make sufficient testosterone.
    Doctors also prescribe them to men with low testosterone and
    individuals who lose muscle mass due to most cancers, AIDS, and different well being circumstances.

    Primo helps maintain muscle mass on a chopping diet however is likely to cause comparatively excessive
    suppression at greater doses, and that’s the purpose the
    place you’d also get the power and lean mass features.
    Primobolan is mostly not thought-about one of the best sole compound for this size cycle because
    you would typically want to use it for more than eight weeks.

    Normal steroid cycles are sometimes the starting point for model spanking new
    users however are additionally a staple in the strategy of experienced bodybuilders.
    The results achieved over a 10–12-week commonplace cycle may be unbelievable (provided you’re employed exhausting within the gym).
    It’s additionally not an awesome length of time
    to commit to using steroids. Masteron won’t provide
    you with estrogen pain and can outcome in increased free testosterone, with customers
    often reporting enhanced libido consequently.

    References:

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